Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Accumulation in an Agricultural Soil Ecosystem Receiving Wastewater Sludge Amendments Michael O. Hale Department of Environmental and Aquatic Animal Health, Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS), College of William and Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, United States S Supporting Information *ĪBSTRACT: Few studies have addressed bioaccumulation of organic pollutants associated with land-application of biosolids. We thus examined PBDE burdens within a soil ecosystem receiving long-term sludge amendments and a reference soil ecosystem receiving only manure inputs. No PBDEs were detected in reference site samples, but sludge-amended soils contained 17 600 ± 2330 μg/kg ∑3−7PBDE (total organic carbon (TOC) basis). ∑3−7PBDE burdens were highest in soil invertebrates with the greatest contact with sludge-amended soil (e.g., ∑3−7PBDE of 10 300 ± 26 ± 200 μg/kg lipid for earthworms and detritivorous woodlice, respectively). With StatPlus 2007, one gets a robust suite of statistics tools and graphical analysis methods that are easily accessed though a simple and straightforward interface.
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PBDEs were below quantitation limits in vegetation from the sludge-amended site. Free statplus macpro download software at UpdateStar. Surprisingly, we measured quantifiable PBDE burdens in only a single sample of predaceous ground spiders from the sludge-amended site. BDE-209 burdens in sludge-amended soil and earthworms were 7500 ± 2800 μg/kg TOC and 6500 ± 4100 μg/kg lipid, respectively. BDE 209 was detected in fewer taxa, but the burden in a detritivorous millipede composite was high (86 000 μg/kg lipid). PBDE congener patterns differed among species, with worms and ground beetles exhibiting Penta-BDE-like patterns. Penta-BDE biota-soil accumulation factors (BSAFs) ranged from 0.006 to 1.2, while BDE-209 BSAFs ranged from 0.07 to 10.5.
δ13C and δ15N isotope signatures were poorly correlated with PBDE burdens, but sludge-amended samples were significantly δ15N enriched. INTRODUCTION Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used to flame retard polymer and textile-containing consumer products and are now widely dispersed in the global environment. Manufacture of the Penta-BDE formulation was phased out in the U.S. and European Union (EU) in 2004 due to constituent persistence and bioaccumulation potentials. Launch the StatPlus Select a spreadsheet app With StatPlus:mac 7 you can analyze data directly from the Microsoft Excel app, Apple Numbers app (all features are supported except the combined charts) or use the internal ( built-in) StatPlus spreadsheet. Historically, the dominant PBDE formulation in global use has been Deca-BDE, but it has been presumed to possess negligible bioaccumulation potential.1 However, surprising concentrations of Deca-BDE constituents have been detected in some terrestrial-feeding birds of prey.2,3 Also, its major constituent, BDE-209, may debrominate to more bioaccumulative, less brominated congeners in the environment.4,5 Hence, U.S. Deca-BDE manufacture was to be phased out after 2013, and further restrictions are contemplated in the EU.
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